Citrus long-horned beetle

LOCATIONS

IMPACT INFORMATION

"A. chinensis bir polifaz türü olduğundan, çok geniş bir konak dizisine sahiptir. Zararlıların konakları arasında yapraklı park ve süs ağaçları, narenciye ve fındık ağaçları bulunur. Yaklaşık 19 aileyi kapsayan 68 çeşit zarar yapıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Zararlının bulunduğu doğal dağıtım alanlarında, özellikle Narenciye türüne bağlı bitki türlerinde (turunçgiller, limon, mandalina gibi) önemli zararlara neden olduğu bildirilmektedir. Acer spp. (akçaağaç), Aesculus hippocastanum (at kestanesi), Alnus spp. (kızılağaç), Betula spp. (huş), Cornus spp. (kızılcık), Corylus spp. (fındık), Cotoneaster spp. (dağ muşmulası), Crataegus spp. (alıç), Fagus spp. (kayın), Ficus spp., Hibiscus spp., Lagerstroemia spp., Mallotus spp., Malus spp. (elma), Morus spp., (dut), Platanus spp. (Çınar), Populus spp. (Kavak), Prunus spp. (kiraz), Pyrus spp. (armut), Salix spp. (söğüt), Rosa spp. (gül), Ulmus spp. (karaağaç) (Smith ve diğerleri 1997).

Turunçgil uzun antenli böceği, barındırdığı bitki türlerine ciddi zarar veren ve ölümüne neden olan bir böcektir. Ana hasarı larvalar oluşturur. Ağacın gövdesinde kalan yumurtalardan çıkan larvalar kambiyum tabakası ile beslenir ve zamanla ağaçların ahşap dokusuna girer ve gelişimlerini tamamlarlar. Larvalar ağaçların ahşap dokusundan beslenerek ve galeriyi açarak zarar verir. Larvaların saldırısı ile ağaçlar zayıflar ve hastalık ve rüzgar hasarına karşı daha hassas hale gelir ve ağacın kısa sürede ölmesine neden olur. Yetişkinler ince dalları ve kabukları yiyerek zarar verir (Maspero ve diğerleri2007).
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MANAGEMENT INFORMATION

"The first written record of the presence of the pest in Europe was made in Italy in 2001. However, it is stated that the probable presence of the pest in Italy has been present since 1997 and eradication efforts are still ongoing (EPPO 2015). In Italy, for the purpose of eradication, infested trees such as maple, birch, willow, and poplar have been destroyed. In the first stage, work started within 500 m around the infested area. Public awareness was raised by informing the public about the reasons for the work, and tree owners were informed. All trees were marked on the map. In the first stage, infested and suspected trees were cut down and collected in a suitable area. The trunks and branches were cut to a length of 50 cm and collected together. Newly planted trees were selected from tree species that are not hosts of the pest. Instead of the preferred birch and maple trees by the pest, non-sensitive species such as Ginkgo biloba and Liquidambar stryciflua were planted. Inspection studies continued carefully for 4 consecutive years until signs of the pest were no longer observed. Surveys in the Lombardy region of Italy examined 200,000 trees. Out of these, 1,000 trees were found to be infested. Infested trees were cut down during the winter season between October 1st and March 31st. Approximately 18,000 trees were cut down and destroyed, and 17,000 non-host trees were planted in their place. Between 2005 and 2013, 20 million Euros were spent for eradication in Italy. Studies conducted on Anoplophora chinensis in Italy are explained below.

• During survey studies, visual inspection was carried out in an area of 1-2 km around the infested tree or area.
• Infested trees were inspected twice a year, at the beginning and end of summer.
• Public awareness was raised about how to monitor trees where the pest might be present through brochures and posters.
• Destruction of infested trees was mandatory.
• Planting host trees of the pest from newly planted trees was prohibited.
• Trade and transportation of trees and plants that could be hosts of the pest were banned in the quarantined area.
• It was mandatory to treat all hosts with one of the insecticides Imidacloprid and Thiacloprid.
• Tree trunks and roots where adults could emerge from were covered with a thin metal cage wire in a beehive shape to monitor the emergence of adults from infested trees.
• Host plants of the pest such as maple, plane tree, birch, beech, oak, hazelnut, apple, and pear were identified in the infested area, and eradication efforts started with the destruction of trees in the infested area.
• Eradication procedures consist of 4 stages.

Cutting down infested trees.
Storing cut trees in a secure area surrounded by a fence in the quarantine zone.
Grinding infested logs and roots with a special machine.
Shredding all plant material into chips and burning them.
In Italy, adults emerge at the end of June, reaching their peak. Exit holes are mostly found around the roots of the tree and at a height of 20 cm from the ground on the trunk. The average adult lifespan in greenhouses is 55 days. Most eggs are laid at the end of June and beginning of August. The places where eggs are laid are mainly in a bracelet shape on the tree, and the density of eggs decreases as the height of the eggs laid up to 50 cm above the ground decreases. Its life cycle is completed in 2 years. A very small part completes it in 1 year. Insecticide control measures were taken to avoid cutting down trees with high economic value. In order to prevent the spread and reduce the movement of the pest, the undersides of the trees are sprayed with insecticides such as Thiacloprid 480 g/l (Calypso), Spinosad 480 g/l (Laser), Thiamethoxam %25 (Actara 25 WG) between May and October. The galleries are checked for the effects of these applications on the larvae. In addition, infested trees are subjected to insecticide injections. In Italy, infested and non-infested host trees were treated three times a year with Deltamethrin (Van der Gaag 2008). In France, infested trees were treated with Bifenthrin to kill emerging adults in the summer (Hérard et al. 2005). In the UK, contact insecticides licensed for forest trees such as Cypermethrin, Deltamethrin, Bifenthrin, Diflubenzuron, and Chlorpyrifos were used (https://secure.fera.defra.gov.uk/liaison/secure/). Imported plants in Austria are inspected for infestation, along with dogs. In the European Union, it is reported that the costs of combating A. glabripennis and A. chinensis were 3.3 million Euros in 2008 (Hérard and Roques 2009).

During surveys in Italy in 2002, eight species of Hymenoptera were found in early-stage A. chinensis larvae collected during surveys. These are: Sclerodermus sp. (Bethylidae), Spathius erythrocephalus (Braconidae), Calosota agrili and Eupelmus aloysii (Eupelmidae), Eurytoma melanoneura and E. morio (Eurytomidae), and Cleonymus brevis and Trigonoderus prensps (Pteromalidae) (Haack et al. 2010).

In northern Italy, surveys conducted from 2002 to 2012 found that the egg parasitoid Aprostocetus anoplophorae Delware (Hymenoptera: Eulopidae) was well established around Parabiago, the area most heavily infested by the citrus longhorned beetle A. chinensis. Biological control efforts resulted in A. anoplophorae parasitizing 72% of A. chinensis eggs, which was reported as a promising result (Herard et al. 2013).

In the United States, surveys were conducted using visual inspection to examine trees that could be hosts of the pest. Exit holes of adults were examined, as well as sites where eggs were laid and feeding sites. Infested trees were cut down, collected, and turned into chips. Imidacloprid was applied to the trunks of trees within 800 m of infested trees (USDA-APHIS 2006). With this method, protective Imidacloprid applications were made to 600,000 trees in the US between 2000 and 2005. In the state of Illinois, an average of 1,800 trees were cut down between 1998 and 2008. In New York, more than 6,000 trees were cut down and destroyed by the end of 2005. In New Jersey, 600 trees were cut down. In Canada, 25,000 trees potentially hosting the pest were cut down and destroyed in Toronto in 2003. It was determined that only 600 of these trees were infested with Anoplophora glabripennis. In the US and Canada, a total of $398 million was spent on eradication of 21,000 and 25,000 infested and other at-risk trees as of September 30, 2009. In Chicago, after 10 years, the cost of eradication was $63 million (Warren et al. 2009).

In the US state of Massachusetts, trapping studies were conducted between 2009 and 2011 to determine the effectiveness of traps containing male pheromones of Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). The study found that traps could be used for monitoring purposes in survey studies but not for monitoring population density. Monitoring traps could be used in specific areas to reduce the costs of combating this invasive species, early detection, and timely destruction of other infested trees (Nehme et al. 2013).In China, chemical control of A. glabripennis involves applying Cypermethrin to the trunks of trees, taking advantage of the beetles' movement on the tree trunks for activities such as feeding and egg laying. Additionally, aluminum phosphide-containing sticks are inserted into holes where larvae are present to kill them. Collecting adults is also used as a mechanical control method, resulting in the collection of 500,000 adults.

In Turkey, following detections in Istanbul, diagnostic studies were conducted on Anoplophora chinensis, a pest previously unknown in the country. In 2015, a rapid screening method was used for Pest Risk Analysis, demonstrating that A. chinensis poses a risk to Turkey. As a result of the pest risk assessment, changes were made to the Plant Quarantine Regulation, and A. chinensis was moved from Annex 1-A to Annex 1-B. To determine the measures to be taken, a regulation was published in the Official Gazette on June 17, 2014, regarding the control of sudden oak death, pine processionary moth, citrus longhorned beetle, and chestnut gall wasp. National survey studies have been initiated, and an action plan for pest control has been prepared. Survey studies continue in green areas and nurseries in Istanbul. Infected trees are marked, cut down, chipped, and destroyed. Chemical control is carried out with Imidacloprid SC 350 insecticide, temporarily recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Awareness-raising activities for producers continue regarding the pest species. Emergency action plans have been prepared for A. chinensis in Trabzon, where it was detected in hazelnut orchards, and producers have been informed."